Zlib | Node.js v24.0.0-v8-canary2024120670eabc8f23 Documentation

Zlib#

Source Code: lib/zlib.js

The node:zlib module provides compression functionality implemented using Gzip, Deflate/Inflate, and Brotli.

To access it:

import os from 'node:zlib';const zlib = require('node:zlib');

Compression and decompression are built around the Node.js Streams API.

Compressing or decompressing a stream (such as a file) can be accomplished by piping the source stream through a zlib Transform stream into a destination stream:

import {
  createReadStream,
  createWriteStream,
} from 'node:fs';
import process from 'node:process';
import { createGzip } from 'node:zlib';
import { pipeline } from 'node:stream';

const gzip = createGzip();
const source = createReadStream('input.txt');
const destination = createWriteStream('input.txt.gz');

pipeline(source, gzip, destination, (err) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error('An error occurred:', err);
    process.exitCode = 1;
  }
});const {
  createReadStream,
  createWriteStream,
} = require('node:fs');
const process = require('node:process');
const { createGzip } = require('node:zlib');
const { pipeline } = require('node:stream');

const gzip = createGzip();
const source = createReadStream('input.txt');
const destination = createWriteStream('input.txt.gz');

pipeline(source, gzip, destination, (err) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error('An error occurred:', err);
    process.exitCode = 1;
  }
});

Or, using the promise pipeline API:

import {
  createReadStream,
  createWriteStream,
} from 'node:fs';
import process from 'node:process';
import { createGzip } from 'node:zlib';
import { pipeline } from 'node:stream/promises';

async function do_gzip(input, output) {
  const gzip = createGzip();
  const source = createReadStream(input);
  const destination = createWriteStream(output);
  await pipeline(source, gzip, destination);
}

await do_gzip('input.txt', 'input.txt.gz');const {
  createReadStream,
  createWriteStream,
} = require('node:fs');
const process = require('node:process');
const { createGzip } = require('node:zlib');
const { pipeline } = require('node:stream/promises');

async function do_gzip(input, output) {
  const gzip = createGzip();
  const source = createReadStream(input);
  const destination = createWriteStream(output);
  await pipeline(source, gzip, destination);
}

do_gzip('input.txt', 'input.txt.gz')
  .catch((err) => {
    console.error('An error occurred:', err);
    process.exitCode = 1;
  });

It is also possible to compress or decompress data in a single step:

import process from 'node:process';
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
import { deflate, unzip } from 'node:zlib';

const input = '.................................';
deflate(input, (err, buffer) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error('An error occurred:', err);
    process.exitCode = 1;
  }
  console.log(buffer.toString('base64'));
});

const buffer = Buffer.from('eJzT0yMAAGTvBe8=', 'base64');
unzip(buffer, (err, buffer) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error('An error occurred:', err);
    process.exitCode = 1;
  }
  console.log(buffer.toString());
});

// Or, Promisified

import { promisify } from 'node:util';
const do_unzip = promisify(unzip);

const unzippedBuffer = await do_unzip(buffer);
console.log(unzippedBuffer.toString());const { deflate, unzip } = require('node:zlib');

const input = '.................................';
deflate(input, (err, buffer) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error('An error occurred:', err);
    process.exitCode = 1;
  }
  console.log(buffer.toString('base64'));
});

const buffer = Buffer.from('eJzT0yMAAGTvBe8=', 'base64');
unzip(buffer, (err, buffer) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error('An error occurred:', err);
    process.exitCode = 1;
  }
  console.log(buffer.toString());
});

// Or, Promisified

const { promisify } = require('node:util');
const do_unzip = promisify(unzip);

do_unzip(buffer)
  .then((buf) => console.log(buf.toString()))
  .catch((err) => {
    console.error('An error occurred:', err);
    process.exitCode = 1;
  });

Threadpool usage and performance considerations#

All zlib APIs, except those that are explicitly synchronous, use the Node.js internal threadpool. This can lead to surprising effects and performance limitations in some applications.

Creating and using a large number of zlib objects simultaneously can cause significant memory fragmentation.

import zlib from 'node:zlib';
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const payload = Buffer.from('This is some data');

// WARNING: DO NOT DO THIS!
for (let i = 0; i < 30000; ++i) {
  zlib.deflate(payload, (err, buffer) => {});
}const zlib = require('node:zlib');

const payload = Buffer.from('This is some data');

// WARNING: DO NOT DO THIS!
for (let i = 0; i < 30000; ++i) {
  zlib.deflate(payload, (err, buffer) => {});
}

In the preceding example, 30,000 deflate instances are created concurrently. Because of how some operating systems handle memory allocation and deallocation, this may lead to significant memory fragmentation.

It is strongly recommended that the results of compression operations be cached to avoid duplication of effort.

Compressing HTTP requests and responses#

The node:zlib module can be used to implement support for the gzip, deflate and br content-encoding mechanisms defined by HTTP.

The HTTP Accept-Encoding header is used within an HTTP request to identify the compression encodings accepted by the client. The Content-Encoding header is used to identify the compression encodings actually applied to a message.

The examples given below are drastically simplified to show the basic concept. Using zlib encoding can be expensive, and the results ought to be cached. See Memory usage tuning for more information on the speed/memory/compression tradeoffs involved in zlib usage.

// Client request example
import fs from 'node:fs';
import zlib from 'node:zlib';
import http from 'node:http';
import process from 'node:process';
import { pipeline } from 'node:stream';

const request = http.get({ host: 'example.com',
                           path: '/',
                           port: 80,
                           headers: { 'Accept-Encoding': 'br,gzip,deflate' } });
request.on('response', (response) => {
  const output = fs.createWriteStream('example.com_index.html');

  const onError = (err) => {
    if (err) {
      console.error('An error occurred:', err);
      process.exitCode = 1;
    }
  };

  switch (response.headers['content-encoding']) {
    case 'br':
      pipeline(response, zlib.createBrotliDecompress(), output, onError);
      break;
    // Or, just use zlib.createUnzip() to handle both of the following cases:
    case 'gzip':
      pipeline(response, zlib.createGunzip(), output, onError);
      break;
    case 'deflate':
      pipeline(response, zlib.createInflate(), output, onError);
      break;
    default:
      pipeline(response, output, onError);
      break;
  }
});// Client request example
const zlib = require('node:zlib');
const http = require('node:http');
const fs = require('node:fs');
const { pipeline } = require('node:stream');

const request = http.get({ host: 'example.com',
                           path: '/',
                           port: 80,
                           headers: { 'Accept-Encoding': 'br,gzip,deflate' } });
request.on('response', (response) => {
  const output = fs.createWriteStream('example.com_index.html');

  const onError = (err) => {
    if (err) {
      console.error('An error occurred:', err);
      process.exitCode = 1;
    }
  };

  switch (response.headers['content-encoding']) {
    case 'br':
      pipeline(response, zlib.createBrotliDecompress(), output, onError);
      break;
    // Or, just use zlib.createUnzip() to handle both of the following cases:
    case 'gzip':
      pipeline(response, zlib.createGunzip(), output, onError);
      break;
    case 'deflate':
      pipeline(response, zlib.createInflate(), output, onError);
      break;
    default:
      pipeline(response, output, onError);
      break;
  }
});

// server example
// Running a gzip operation on every request is quite expensive.
// It would be much more efficient to cache the compressed buffer.
import zlib from 'node:zlib';
import http from 'node:http';
import fs from 'node:fs';
import { pipeline } from 'node:stream';

http.createServer((request, response) => {
  const raw = fs.createReadStream('index.html');
  // Store both a compressed and an uncompressed version of the resource.
  response.setHeader('Vary', 'Accept-Encoding');
  const acceptEncoding = request.headers['accept-encoding'] || '';

  const onError = (err) => {
    if (err) {
      // If an error occurs, there's not much we can do because
      // the server has already sent the 200 response code and
      // some amount of data has already been sent to the client.
      // The best we can do is terminate the response immediately
      // and log the error.
      response.end();
      console.error('An error occurred:', err);
    }
  };

  // Note: This is not a conformant accept-encoding parser.
  // See https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.3
  if (/\bdeflate\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
    response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'deflate' });
    pipeline(raw, zlib.createDeflate(), response, onError);
  } else if (/\bgzip\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
    response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip' });
    pipeline(raw, zlib.createGzip(), response, onError);
  } else if (/\bbr\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
    response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'br' });
    pipeline(raw, zlib.createBrotliCompress(), response, onError);
  } else {
    response.writeHead(200, {});
    pipeline(raw, response, onError);
  }
}).listen(1337);// server example
// Running a gzip operation on every request is quite expensive.
// It would be much more efficient to cache the compressed buffer.
const zlib = require('node:zlib');
const http = require('node:http');
const fs = require('node:fs');
const { pipeline } = require('node:stream');

http.createServer((request, response) => {
  const raw = fs.createReadStream('index.html');
  // Store both a compressed and an uncompressed version of the resource.
  response.setHeader('Vary', 'Accept-Encoding');
  const acceptEncoding = request.headers['accept-encoding'] || '';

  const onError = (err) => {
    if (err) {
      // If an error occurs, there's not much we can do because
      // the server has already sent the 200 response code and
      // some amount of data has already been sent to the client.
      // The best we can do is terminate the response immediately
      // and log the error.
      response.end();
      console.error('An error occurred:', err);
    }
  };

  // Note: This is not a conformant accept-encoding parser.
  // See https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.3
  if (/\bdeflate\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
    response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'deflate' });
    pipeline(raw, zlib.createDeflate(), response, onError);
  } else if (/\bgzip\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
    response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip' });
    pipeline(raw, zlib.createGzip(), response, onError);
  } else if (/\bbr\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
    response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'br' });
    pipeline(raw, zlib.createBrotliCompress(), response, onError);
  } else {
    response.writeHead(200, {});
    pipeline(raw, response, onError);
  }
}).listen(1337);

By default, the zlib methods will throw an error when decompressing truncated data. However, if it is known that the data is incomplete, or the desire is to inspect only the beginning of a compressed file, it is possible to suppress the default error handling by changing the flushing method that is used to decompress the last chunk of input data:

// This is a truncated version of the buffer from the above examples
const buffer = Buffer.from('eJzT0yMA', 'base64');

zlib.unzip(
  buffer,
  // For Brotli, the equivalent is zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_FLUSH.
  { finishFlush: zlib.constants.Z_SYNC_FLUSH },
  (err, buffer) => {
    if (err) {
      console.error('An error occurred:', err);
      process.exitCode = 1;
    }
    console.log(buffer.toString());
  });

This will not change the behavior in other error-throwing situations, e.g. when the input data has an invalid format. Using this method, it will not be possible to determine whether the input ended prematurely or lacks the integrity checks, making it necessary to manually check that the decompressed result is valid.

Memory usage tuning#

For zlib-based streams#

From zlib/zconf.h, modified for Node.js usage:

The memory requirements for deflate are (in bytes):

(1 << (windowBits + 2)) + (1 << (memLevel + 9))

That is: 128K for windowBits = 15 + 128K for memLevel = 8 (default values) plus a few kilobytes for small objects.

For example, to reduce the default memory requirements from 256K to 128K, the options should be set to:

const options = { windowBits: 14, memLevel: 7 };

This will, however, generally degrade compression.

The memory requirements for inflate are (in bytes) 1 << windowBits. That is, 32K for windowBits = 15 (default value) plus a few kilobytes for small objects.

This is in addition to a single internal output slab buffer of size chunkSize, which defaults to 16K.

The speed of zlib compression is affected most dramatically by the level setting. A higher level will result in better compression, but will take longer to complete. A lower level will result in less compression, but will be much faster.

In general, greater memory usage options will mean that Node.js has to make fewer calls to zlib because it will be able to process more data on each write operation. So, this is another factor that affects the speed, at the cost of memory usage.

For Brotli-based streams#

There are equivalents to the zlib options for Brotli-based streams, although these options have different ranges than the zlib ones:

zlib's level option matches Brotli's BROTLI_PARAM_QUALITY option.
zlib's windowBits option matches Brotli's BROTLI_PARAM_LGWIN option.

See below for more details on Brotli-specific options.

Flushing#

Calling .flush() on a compression stream will make zlib return as much output as currently possible. This may come at the cost of degraded compression quality, but can be useful when data needs to be available as soon as possible.

In the following example, flush() is used to write a compressed partial HTTP response to the client:

import zlib from 'node:zlib';
import http from 'node:http';
import { pipeline } from 'node:stream';

http.createServer((request, response) => {
  // For the sake of simplicity, the Accept-Encoding checks are omitted.
  response.writeHead(200, { 'content-encoding': 'gzip' });
  const output = zlib.createGzip();
  let i;

  pipeline(output, response, (err) => {
    if (err) {
      // If an error occurs, there's not much we can do because
      // the server has already sent the 200 response code and
      // some amount of data has already been sent to the client.
      // The best we can do is terminate the response immediately
      // and log the error.
      clearInterval(i);
      response.end();
      console.error('An error occurred:', err);
    }
  });

  i = setInterval(() => {
    output.write(`The current time is ${Date()}\n`, () => {
      // The data has been passed to zlib, but the compression algorithm may
      // have decided to buffer the data for more efficient compression.
      // Calling .flush() will make the data available as soon as the client
      // is ready to receive it.
      output.flush();
    });
  }, 1000);
}).listen(1337);const zlib = require('node:zlib');
const http = require('node:http');
const { pipeline } = require('node:stream');

http.createServer((request, response) => {
  // For the sake of simplicity, the Accept-Encoding checks are omitted.
  response.writeHead(200, { 'content-encoding': 'gzip' });
  const output = zlib.createGzip();
  let i;

  pipeline(output, response, (err) => {
    if (err) {
      // If an error occurs, there's not much we can do because
      // the server has already sent the 200 response code and
      // some amount of data has already been sent to the client.
      // The best we can do is terminate the response immediately
      // and log the error.
      clearInterval(i);
      response.end();
      console.error('An error occurred:', err);
    }
  });

  i = setInterval(() => {
    output.write(`The current time is ${Date()}\n`, () => {
      // The data has been passed to zlib, but the compression algorithm may
      // have decided to buffer the data for more efficient compression.
      // Calling .flush() will make the data available as soon as the client
      // is ready to receive it.
      output.flush();
    });
  }, 1000);
}).listen(1337);

Constants#

Added in: v0.5.8

zlib constants#

All of the constants defined in zlib.h are also defined on require('node:zlib').constants. In the normal course of operations, it will not be necessary to use these constants. They are documented so that their presence is not surprising. This section is taken almost directly from the zlib documentation.

Previously, the constants were available directly from require('node:zlib'), for instance zlib.Z_NO_FLUSH. Accessing the constants directly from the module is currently still possible but is deprecated.

Allowed flush values.

zlib.constants.Z_NO_FLUSH
zlib.constants.Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH
zlib.constants.Z_SYNC_FLUSH
zlib.constants.Z_FULL_FLUSH
zlib.constants.Z_FINISH
zlib.constants.Z_BLOCK
zlib.constants.Z_TREES

Return codes for the compression/decompression functions. Negative values are errors, positive values are used for special but normal events.

zlib.constants.Z_OK
zlib.constants.Z_STREAM_END
zlib.constants.Z_NEED_DICT
zlib.constants.Z_ERRNO
zlib.constants.Z_STREAM_ERROR
zlib.constants.Z_DATA_ERROR
zlib.constants.Z_MEM_ERROR
zlib.constants.Z_BUF_ERROR
zlib.constants.Z_VERSION_ERROR

Compression levels.

zlib.constants.Z_NO_COMPRESSION
zlib.constants.Z_BEST_SPEED
zlib.constants.Z_BEST_COMPRESSION
zlib.constants.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION

Compression strategy.

zlib.constants.Z_FILTERED
zlib.constants.Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY
zlib.constants.Z_RLE
zlib.constants.Z_FIXED
zlib.constants.Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY

Brotli constants#

Added in: v11.7.0, v10.16.0

There are several options and other constants available for Brotli-based streams:

Flush operations#

The following values are valid flush operations for Brotli-based streams:

zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_PROCESS (default for all operations)
zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_FLUSH (default when calling .flush())
zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_FINISH (default for the last chunk)
zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_EMIT_METADATA
- This particular operation may be hard to use in a Node.js context, as the streaming layer makes it hard to know which data will end up in this frame. Also, there is currently no way to consume this data through the Node.js API.

Compressor options#

There are several options that can be set on Brotli encoders, affecting compression efficiency and speed. Both the keys and the values can be accessed as properties of the zlib.constants object.

The most important options are:

BROTLI_PARAM_MODE
- BROTLI_MODE_GENERIC (default)
- BROTLI_MODE_TEXT, adjusted for UTF-8 text
- BROTLI_MODE_FONT, adjusted for WOFF 2.0 fonts
BROTLI_PARAM_QUALITY
- Ranges from BROTLI_MIN_QUALITY to BROTLI_MAX_QUALITY, with a default of BROTLI_DEFAULT_QUALITY.
BROTLI_PARAM_SIZE_HINT
- Integer value representing the expected input size; defaults to 0 for an unknown input size.

The following flags can be set for advanced control over the compression algorithm and memory usage tuning:

BROTLI_PARAM_LGWIN
- Ranges from BROTLI_MIN_WINDOW_BITS to BROTLI_MAX_WINDOW_BITS, with a default of BROTLI_DEFAULT_WINDOW, or up to BROTLI_LARGE_MAX_WINDOW_BITS if the BROTLI_PARAM_LARGE_WINDOW flag is set.
BROTLI_PARAM_LGBLOCK
- Ranges from BROTLI_MIN_INPUT_BLOCK_BITS to BROTLI_MAX_INPUT_BLOCK_BITS.
BROTLI_PARAM_DISABLE_LITERAL_CONTEXT_MODELING
- Boolean flag that decreases compression ratio in favour of decompression speed.
BROTLI_PARAM_LARGE_WINDOW
- Boolean flag enabling “Large Window Brotli” mode (not compatible with the Brotli format as standardized in RFC 7932).
BROTLI_PARAM_NPOSTFIX
- Ranges from 0 to BROTLI_MAX_NPOSTFIX.
BROTLI_PARAM_NDIRECT
- Ranges from 0 to 15 << NPOSTFIX in steps of 1 << NPOSTFIX.

Decompressor options#

These advanced options are available for controlling decompression:

BROTLI_DECODER_PARAM_DISABLE_RING_BUFFER_REALLOCATION
- Boolean flag that affects internal memory allocation patterns.
BROTLI_DECODER_PARAM_LARGE_WINDOW
- Boolean flag enabling “Large Window Brotli” mode (not compatible with the Brotli format as standardized in RFC 7932).

Class: `Options`#

History

Version	Changes
v14.5.0, v12.19.0	The `maxOutputLength` option is supported now.
v9.4.0	The `dictionary` option can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `dictionary` option can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v5.11.0	The `finishFlush` option is supported now.
v0.11.1	Added in: v0.11.1

Each zlib-based class takes an options object. No options are required.

Some options are only relevant when compressing and are ignored by the decompression classes.

flush <integer> Default: zlib.constants.Z_NO_FLUSH
finishFlush <integer> Default: zlib.constants.Z_FINISH
chunkSize <integer> Default: 16 * 1024
windowBits <integer>
level <integer> (compression only)
memLevel <integer> (compression only)
strategy <integer> (compression only)
dictionary <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> (deflate/inflate only, empty dictionary by default)
info <boolean> (If true, returns an object with buffer and engine.)
maxOutputLength <integer> Limits output size when using convenience methods. Default: buffer.kMaxLength

See the deflateInit2 and inflateInit2 documentation for more information.

Class: `BrotliOptions`#

History

Version	Changes
v14.5.0, v12.19.0	The `maxOutputLength` option is supported now.
v11.7.0	Added in: v11.7.0

Each Brotli-based class takes an options object. All options are optional.

flush <integer> Default: zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_PROCESS
finishFlush <integer> Default: zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_FINISH
chunkSize <integer> Default: 16 * 1024
params <Object> Key-value object containing indexed Brotli parameters.
maxOutputLength <integer> Limits output size when using convenience methods. Default: buffer.kMaxLength

For example:

const stream = zlib.createBrotliCompress({
  chunkSize: 32 * 1024,
  params: {
    [zlib.constants.BROTLI_PARAM_MODE]: zlib.constants.BROTLI_MODE_TEXT,
    [zlib.constants.BROTLI_PARAM_QUALITY]: 4,
    [zlib.constants.BROTLI_PARAM_SIZE_HINT]: fs.statSync(inputFile).size,
  },
});

Class: `zlib.BrotliCompress`#

Added in: v11.7.0, v10.16.0

Compress data using the Brotli algorithm.

Class: `zlib.BrotliDecompress`#

Added in: v11.7.0, v10.16.0

Decompress data using the Brotli algorithm.

Class: `zlib.Deflate`#

Added in: v0.5.8

Compress data using deflate.

Class: `zlib.DeflateRaw`#

Added in: v0.5.8

Compress data using deflate, and do not append a zlib header.

Class: `zlib.Gunzip`#

History

Version	Changes
v6.0.0	Trailing garbage at the end of the input stream will now result in an `'error'` event.
v5.9.0	Multiple concatenated gzip file members are supported now.
v5.0.0	A truncated input stream will now result in an `'error'` event.
v0.5.8	Added in: v0.5.8

Decompress a gzip stream.

Class: `zlib.Gzip`#

Added in: v0.5.8

Compress data using gzip.

Class: `zlib.Inflate`#

History

Version	Changes
v5.0.0	A truncated input stream will now result in an `'error'` event.
v0.5.8	Added in: v0.5.8

Decompress a deflate stream.

Class: `zlib.InflateRaw`#

History

Version	Changes
v6.8.0	Custom dictionaries are now supported by `InflateRaw`.
v5.0.0	A truncated input stream will now result in an `'error'` event.
v0.5.8	Added in: v0.5.8

Decompress a raw deflate stream.

Class: `zlib.Unzip`#

Added in: v0.5.8

Decompress either a Gzip- or Deflate-compressed stream by auto-detecting the header.

Class: `zlib.ZlibBase`#

History

Version	Changes
v11.7.0, v10.16.0	This class was renamed from `Zlib` to `ZlibBase`.
v0.5.8	Added in: v0.5.8

Not exported by the node:zlib module. It is documented here because it is the base class of the compressor/decompressor classes.

This class inherits from stream.Transform, allowing node:zlib objects to be used in pipes and similar stream operations.

`zlib.bytesWritten`#

Added in: v10.0.0

<number>

The zlib.bytesWritten property specifies the number of bytes written to the engine, before the bytes are processed (compressed or decompressed, as appropriate for the derived class).

`zlib.crc32(data[, value])`#

Added in: v22.2.0, v20.15.0

data <string> | <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> When data is a string, it will be encoded as UTF-8 before being used for computation.
value <integer> An optional starting value. It must be a 32-bit unsigned integer. Default: 0
Returns: <integer> A 32-bit unsigned integer containing the checksum.

Computes a 32-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check checksum of data. If value is specified, it is used as the starting value of the checksum, otherwise, 0 is used as the starting value.

The CRC algorithm is designed to compute checksums and to detect error in data transmission. It's not suitable for cryptographic authentication.

To be consistent with other APIs, if the data is a string, it will be encoded with UTF-8 before being used for computation. If users only use Node.js to compute and match the checksums, this works well with other APIs that uses the UTF-8 encoding by default.

Some third-party JavaScript libraries compute the checksum on a string based on str.charCodeAt() so that it can be run in browsers. If users want to match the checksum computed with this kind of library in the browser, it's better to use the same library in Node.js if it also runs in Node.js. If users have to use zlib.crc32() to match the checksum produced by such a third-party library:

If the library accepts Uint8Array as input, use TextEncoder in the browser to encode the string into a Uint8Array with UTF-8 encoding, and compute the checksum based on the UTF-8 encoded string in the browser.
If the library only takes a string and compute the data based on str.charCodeAt(), on the Node.js side, convert the string into a buffer using Buffer.from(str, 'utf16le').

import zlib from 'node:zlib';
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

let crc = zlib.crc32('hello');  // 907060870
crc = zlib.crc32('world', crc);  // 4192936109

crc = zlib.crc32(Buffer.from('hello', 'utf16le'));  // 1427272415
crc = zlib.crc32(Buffer.from('world', 'utf16le'), crc);  // 4150509955const zlib = require('node:zlib');
const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

let crc = zlib.crc32('hello');  // 907060870
crc = zlib.crc32('world', crc);  // 4192936109

crc = zlib.crc32(Buffer.from('hello', 'utf16le'));  // 1427272415
crc = zlib.crc32(Buffer.from('world', 'utf16le'), crc);  // 4150509955

`zlib.close([callback])`#

Added in: v0.9.4

callback <Function>

Close the underlying handle.

`zlib.flush([kind, ]callback)`#

Added in: v0.5.8

kind Default: zlib.constants.Z_FULL_FLUSH for zlib-based streams, zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_FLUSH for Brotli-based streams.
callback <Function>

Flush pending data. Don't call this frivolously, premature flushes negatively impact the effectiveness of the compression algorithm.

Calling this only flushes data from the internal zlib state, and does not perform flushing of any kind on the streams level. Rather, it behaves like a normal call to .write(), i.e. it will be queued up behind other pending writes and will only produce output when data is being read from the stream.

`zlib.params(level, strategy, callback)`#

Added in: v0.11.4

level <integer>
strategy <integer>
callback <Function>

This function is only available for zlib-based streams, i.e. not Brotli.

Dynamically update the compression level and compression strategy. Only applicable to deflate algorithm.

`zlib.reset()`#

Added in: v0.7.0

Reset the compressor/decompressor to factory defaults. Only applicable to the inflate and deflate algorithms.

`zlib.constants`#

Added in: v7.0.0

Provides an object enumerating Zlib-related constants.

`zlib.createBrotliCompress([options])`#

Added in: v11.7.0, v10.16.0

options <brotli options>

Creates and returns a new BrotliCompress object.

`zlib.createBrotliDecompress([options])`#

Added in: v11.7.0, v10.16.0

options <brotli options>

Creates and returns a new BrotliDecompress object.

`zlib.createDeflate([options])`#

Added in: v0.5.8

options <zlib options>

Creates and returns a new Deflate object.

`zlib.createDeflateRaw([options])`#

Added in: v0.5.8

options <zlib options>

Creates and returns a new DeflateRaw object.

An upgrade of zlib from 1.2.8 to 1.2.11 changed behavior when windowBits is set to 8 for raw deflate streams. zlib would automatically set windowBits to 9 if was initially set to 8. Newer versions of zlib will throw an exception, so Node.js restored the original behavior of upgrading a value of 8 to 9, since passing windowBits = 9 to zlib actually results in a compressed stream that effectively uses an 8-bit window only.

`zlib.createGunzip([options])`#

Added in: v0.5.8

options <zlib options>

Creates and returns a new Gunzip object.

`zlib.createGzip([options])`#

Added in: v0.5.8

options <zlib options>

Creates and returns a new Gzip object. See example.

`zlib.createInflate([options])`#

Added in: v0.5.8

options <zlib options>

Creates and returns a new Inflate object.

`zlib.createInflateRaw([options])`#

Added in: v0.5.8

options <zlib options>

Creates and returns a new InflateRaw object.

`zlib.createUnzip([options])`#

Added in: v0.5.8

options <zlib options>

Creates and returns a new Unzip object.

Convenience methods#

All of these take a Buffer, TypedArray, DataView, ArrayBuffer or string as the first argument, an optional second argument to supply options to the zlib classes and will call the supplied callback with callback(error, result).

Every method has a *Sync counterpart, which accept the same arguments, but without a callback.

`zlib.brotliCompress(buffer[, options], callback)`#

Added in: v11.7.0, v10.16.0

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <brotli options>
callback <Function>

`zlib.brotliCompressSync(buffer[, options])`#

Added in: v11.7.0, v10.16.0

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <brotli options>

Compress a chunk of data with BrotliCompress.

`zlib.brotliDecompress(buffer[, options], callback)`#

Added in: v11.7.0, v10.16.0

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <brotli options>
callback <Function>

`zlib.brotliDecompressSync(buffer[, options])`#

Added in: v11.7.0, v10.16.0

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <brotli options>

Decompress a chunk of data with BrotliDecompress.

`zlib.deflate(buffer[, options], callback)`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.6.0	Added in: v0.6.0

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>
callback <Function>

`zlib.deflateSync(buffer[, options])`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.11.12	Added in: v0.11.12

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>

Compress a chunk of data with Deflate.

`zlib.deflateRaw(buffer[, options], callback)`#

History

Version	Changes
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.6.0	Added in: v0.6.0

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>
callback <Function>

`zlib.deflateRawSync(buffer[, options])`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.11.12	Added in: v0.11.12

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>

Compress a chunk of data with DeflateRaw.

`zlib.gunzip(buffer[, options], callback)`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.6.0	Added in: v0.6.0

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>
callback <Function>

`zlib.gunzipSync(buffer[, options])`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.11.12	Added in: v0.11.12

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>

Decompress a chunk of data with Gunzip.

`zlib.gzip(buffer[, options], callback)`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.6.0	Added in: v0.6.0

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>
callback <Function>

`zlib.gzipSync(buffer[, options])`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.11.12	Added in: v0.11.12

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>

Compress a chunk of data with Gzip.

`zlib.inflate(buffer[, options], callback)`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.6.0	Added in: v0.6.0

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>
callback <Function>

`zlib.inflateSync(buffer[, options])`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.11.12	Added in: v0.11.12

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>

Decompress a chunk of data with Inflate.

`zlib.inflateRaw(buffer[, options], callback)`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.6.0	Added in: v0.6.0

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>
callback <Function>

`zlib.inflateRawSync(buffer[, options])`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.11.12	Added in: v0.11.12

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>

Decompress a chunk of data with InflateRaw.

`zlib.unzip(buffer[, options], callback)`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.6.0	Added in: v0.6.0

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>
callback <Function>

`zlib.unzipSync(buffer[, options])`#

History

Version	Changes
v9.4.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
v8.0.0	The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
v0.11.12	Added in: v0.11.12

buffer <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string>
options <zlib options>

Decompress a chunk of data with Unzip.

Zlib#

Threadpool usage and performance considerations#

Compressing HTTP requests and responses#

Memory usage tuning#

For zlib-based streams#

For Brotli-based streams#

Flushing#

Constants#

zlib constants#

Brotli constants#

Flush operations#

Compressor options#

Decompressor options#

Class: Options#

Class: BrotliOptions#

Class: zlib.BrotliCompress#

Class: zlib.BrotliDecompress#

Class: zlib.Deflate#

Class: zlib.DeflateRaw#

Class: zlib.Gunzip#

Class: zlib.Gzip#

Class: zlib.Inflate#

Class: zlib.InflateRaw#

Class: zlib.Unzip#

Class: zlib.ZlibBase#

zlib.bytesWritten#

zlib.crc32(data[, value])#

zlib.close([callback])#

zlib.flush([kind, ]callback)#

zlib.params(level, strategy, callback)#

zlib.reset()#

zlib.constants#

zlib.createBrotliCompress([options])#

zlib.createBrotliDecompress([options])#

zlib.createDeflate([options])#

zlib.createDeflateRaw([options])#

zlib.createGunzip([options])#

zlib.createGzip([options])#

zlib.createInflate([options])#

zlib.createInflateRaw([options])#

zlib.createUnzip([options])#

Convenience methods#

zlib.brotliCompress(buffer[, options], callback)#

zlib.brotliCompressSync(buffer[, options])#

zlib.brotliDecompress(buffer[, options], callback)#

zlib.brotliDecompressSync(buffer[, options])#

zlib.deflate(buffer[, options], callback)#

zlib.deflateSync(buffer[, options])#

zlib.deflateRaw(buffer[, options], callback)#

zlib.deflateRawSync(buffer[, options])#

zlib.gunzip(buffer[, options], callback)#

zlib.gunzipSync(buffer[, options])#

zlib.gzip(buffer[, options], callback)#

zlib.gzipSync(buffer[, options])#

zlib.inflate(buffer[, options], callback)#

zlib.inflateSync(buffer[, options])#

zlib.inflateRaw(buffer[, options], callback)#

zlib.inflateRawSync(buffer[, options])#

zlib.unzip(buffer[, options], callback)#

zlib.unzipSync(buffer[, options])#

Class: `Options`#

Class: `BrotliOptions`#

Class: `zlib.BrotliCompress`#

Class: `zlib.BrotliDecompress`#

Class: `zlib.Deflate`#

Class: `zlib.DeflateRaw`#

Class: `zlib.Gunzip`#

Class: `zlib.Gzip`#

Class: `zlib.Inflate`#

Class: `zlib.InflateRaw`#

Class: `zlib.Unzip`#

Class: `zlib.ZlibBase`#

`zlib.bytesWritten`#

`zlib.crc32(data[, value])`#

`zlib.close([callback])`#

`zlib.flush([kind, ]callback)`#

`zlib.params(level, strategy, callback)`#

`zlib.reset()`#

`zlib.constants`#

`zlib.createBrotliCompress([options])`#

`zlib.createBrotliDecompress([options])`#

`zlib.createDeflate([options])`#

`zlib.createDeflateRaw([options])`#

`zlib.createGunzip([options])`#

`zlib.createGzip([options])`#

`zlib.createInflate([options])`#

`zlib.createInflateRaw([options])`#

`zlib.createUnzip([options])`#

`zlib.brotliCompress(buffer[, options], callback)`#

`zlib.brotliCompressSync(buffer[, options])`#

`zlib.brotliDecompress(buffer[, options], callback)`#

`zlib.brotliDecompressSync(buffer[, options])`#

`zlib.deflate(buffer[, options], callback)`#

`zlib.deflateSync(buffer[, options])`#

`zlib.deflateRaw(buffer[, options], callback)`#

`zlib.deflateRawSync(buffer[, options])`#

`zlib.gunzip(buffer[, options], callback)`#

`zlib.gunzipSync(buffer[, options])`#

`zlib.gzip(buffer[, options], callback)`#

`zlib.gzipSync(buffer[, options])`#

`zlib.inflate(buffer[, options], callback)`#

`zlib.inflateSync(buffer[, options])`#

`zlib.inflateRaw(buffer[, options], callback)`#

`zlib.inflateRawSync(buffer[, options])`#

`zlib.unzip(buffer[, options], callback)`#

`zlib.unzipSync(buffer[, options])`#