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{\rm    %  rm,  bf ... = 12.5pt (\it =13.0pt) in [fonts.mac]
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{\verysmall .}
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\centerline{\bftwenty Sources}
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\mni
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 \centerline{\bf Photographs and Signatures}
 %
\mni
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\llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{[P]\hfill}}There is a photograph of the person on the DVD.

%
\mni
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\llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{[S]\hfill}}Some of these appear in the texts, others are on the DVD.
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\bni%
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 \centerline{\bf Archival Sources}
 %
\mni
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\mni
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\llap{\hbox to \leftskip{\[ABR\]\hfill}}Archives du Bas-Rhin:\Th {\tteleven etat-civil.bas-rhin.fr/adeloch}\gl 
.
\item{} See the end of this section for the documents from the ABR that were consulted for this study.
%
\mni
%
\llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{\[TD\]\hfill}}The ten year summaries of births, marriages and deaths created in 
all 
French municipalities. Normally the first TD covers the period from 1793 to the year X \(1802\), but 
sometimes\tiret as is the case with \dau\tiret the TD is missing:\Th French
\({\it Table d\ae cennale\/}\). % checked in multi
 %
\mni
%
\llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{\[AM\]\hfill}}Marriage  certificate:\Th French \({\it Acte de mariage\/}\).
%
\mni
%
%                                                    % 1 r et 1 g!
\llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{\[AD\]\hfill}}Death certificate\fsl newspaper\fsl other source:\Th French
\({\it Acte de d\ae c\ge s\/}\).
%
\mni
%
\llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{\[1808\]\hfill}}Document showing the adoption of a civil name in 1808:\Th French 
({\it Chan\-ge\-ment de nom\/}); see also \[Katz-1808].
%
\item{}Napoleon required all the Jews in Alsace to take a civil name. These documents provide a means of 
obtaining the former names of ancestors. In addition these documents often provide us with the signatures of 
ancestors.
%
\par}  % end 78pt    NO SPACES BETWEEN ALLOWED!!!
 %
  %
\bni
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 \centerline{\bf Printed Sources}
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\mni
%         
N..B.\ These are listed in approximately the chronological order of the contents. 
\mni
%
{\leftskip = 78pt
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%   
\llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{\[Fraen--mar\]}}Fraenckel, A.,  1997. {\it M\ae moire juive en
Alsace\fsl Contrats de marriage au
XVIII\th$^{\hbox{\itten \ge me}}$ si\ge cle\/}. Strasbourg:\th  \char201ditions du Cedrat.
% Univ Pennsylvania, 2010.}
%
\sni
%
\llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{{ }\hfill}}In 1701 Louis XIV ordered the creation of notarized Jewish 
marriage contracts \[see the discussion of a possible reason for this on \[Fraen--mar,\th p.\th xiii,\th 
bottom\].
The contracts in question are not the {\it Ketoubas\/} issued by the rabbi at the moment of the
actual wedding ceremony, but are rather  pre-nuptial agreements.
%(see the articles by Fraenckel and Warschawski). 
Fraenckel examined over 5000 of these contracts and in this book he
gives, for each contract, all the names mentioned and the dowries involved.
\sni
 As Fraenkel, \[p.\th xiv\], points out, there are relatively few 
contracts from the beginning of the 1700s;
only three for the period 1701\tiret 1720 and fifty-one for the period 1721\tiret 1730. Even after 1730  
there were most likely couples who did not have a contract, or perhaps the contract has been lost. This
explains why I was not able to find marriage contracts for all the ancestors. However, even when I could not 
find a contract for the parents, I was sometimes able to determine one or both names by 
statements of the form, \lq\gl X, daughter of Y\gl\rq. In some cases the grandparents could be 
identified by statements of the type: \lq X, daughter of Y, son of Z\gl\rq.
\sni
Despite the lacuna in the AM,   %  yes Gage
Fraenkel's incredible work has allowed us
to push even further back than the information available in \[1808\] and \[1784\].
\sni
%
In 1791 Jews were made citizens and Fraenckel \[p.\th xiii\]  gives that year as marking the 
end of 
these acts.
However, one of the AM dates from 1792.09.01 \(\[118,\th j\]\). This was just  before the beginning of year 
I of the Revolutionary Calendar on 1792.09.22, but civil documents did not start until year II.
I suspect that this 1792 document was created because of the uncertainty as  
regards the rules in effect.
%
\sni
%                                             Gage, p 776 notary, notaries
Fraenkel's book is organized first by towns and then by notaries. Within each section the AM follow a 
chronological order. That is why \[Fraen-index\]  is a necessity for doing research. 
The  acts 
 usually give both the civil and Jewish dates, but sometimes the two sets of dates do not agree. 
Perhaps a 
rabbi wrote a Jewish date and then the notary used the date on which he registered the act. If only a Jewish 
date is given I converted it using the following web site:
\sni
\itemitem{}{\ttten www.hebcal.com\fsl converter}
\sni
It is not always clear if a \lq name\rq\ is a  given name, a  family name, a second given name  or even an
alternative given name.\HTML\ Fraenckel puts such unclear names in
double carets \&lt;&lt;\en\&gt;&gt;. Here is how   Alexandre Weil is described on his 1786 AM
\(\[Fraenckel-mar,\th 117h\]\)\gl:
\sni
{\leftskip = 100pt
  \rightskip = 55pt
  {\bf Alexandre} \&lt;&lt;{\bf Zyskind}\&gt;&gt;\   fils de {\bf Naftaly} \&lt;&lt;{\bf Hirzel}\&gt;&gt;\   fils de 
feu {\bf Yechaya}, \mar.
\par}
\sni
I follow this same format when giving the details of an AM.
% I moved older material to after \bYe
%
\mni
% 
   \llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{[Fraen--index]}}Leeson, R., Leeson, D.  1999. {\it Index
de M\ae moire juive en Alsace\fsl Contrats de marriage au XVIII\th$^{\hbox{\itten \ge me}}$
si\ge cle  par A.\ A.\ Fraenckel}. Paris:\Th Cercle de G\ae n\ae alogie Juive.
% Univ Pennsylvania  2010
%
\sni
%
\llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{{ }\hfill}}The book is divided into six main indexes and this facilitates
 finding
people in Fraenckel's book.
\par}  % end 70pt    NO SPACES BETWEEN ALLOWED!!!
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%  CAN NOT SPLIT 1784 ON TWO PAGES SO i SWITCHED
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\mni
%tt 
\llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{\[1784\]\hfill}}{\it D\ae nombrement g\ae n\ae ral des
juifs, qui sont
tol\ae r\ae s en la province d'Al\-sace, en
ex\ae cution des lettres-patentes de Sa Majest\ae , en forme de r\ge glement, du 10 juillet
1784\/}. Reprint:\Th Strasbourg,  W. Fischer, 1975.
\item{}According to the summary table at the end of the book the census counted 3910 families with a total 
of 11,162 individuals.  
\sni
\item{}  The  content of the census is also
available on-line:
 %
 \sni
 %                          
%                              %% \spaceskip = 1.2pt
\itemitem{}{\ttten ngj.vjf.cnrs.fr/BdeD/1784/ngjconsult1784.php}
%
\vfill\eject
%  
\nin
\item{}See also:
\item{}Leeson, Daniel. 1993. {\it Quatre tables alphab\ae tiques du D\ae nom\-bre\-ment 
g\ae n\ae ral des juifs d'Alsace, 1784\/}.  Teaneck, New Jersey:\Th Avotaynu.
%
\mni
%
\llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{\[Katz--1808\]\hfill}}{\it D\ae clarations de prise de nom 
patronymique des Juifs du Bas-Rhin en 1808\/}, 4 vols. Paris:\Th 
Cercle de G\ae n\ae alogie Juive, 1995.
%
\mni
\llap{\hbox to 1.0\leftskip{\[Katz--W+W\]}}Geneaologies of the
Weill  families from Marmoutier and the Weiller   families from Dauendorf,
prepared by
Pierre Katz of Marmoutier, 2000, second version 2004. 
\par}  % end 70pt    NO SPACES BETWEEN ALLOWED!!!
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%          END OF \LLAP
%
\mni
\centerline{\bf Other Books and References}
\mni
Some of the sections of the book have references which are specific to that section. Other material of 
interest is listed in the \lq bibliography\rq\gl\HTML\gl.
\vskip12pt\nin
%
\lineAA
%
\vskip12pt\nin
\centerline{\bffourteen Sources Consulted at the ABR}
\mni
One of the requirements in the agreement for the use of documents from the ABR is an identification of the 
documents. The identification system involves many digits and letters\tiret see the 
examples below\tiret
and given the large number of documents involved, both in this book and on the accompanying DVD, the use of 
this 
format for each and every document would result in a huge and incomprehensible set  of
data.  Thus in the interest of satisfying the requirement, and at the same time providing a clearer picture 
of 
what was consulted, I will present here a 
step 
by step proceedure for {\it precisely identifying\/} the source of each and every document used:
\mni
Consider the first document that appears in the section on \gw, which has the title:
\sni
\item{} 1861.12.11, AM:\Th Signatures of Caroline \ml\ \&amp;\ Gottschau \wr.
\sni
Right above this we read, concerning this couple:
\sni
\item{}{\tt Marriage}:\Th 1861.12.11,  \dau\ \[AM\].
\sni
From this we learn that we are dealing with an AM that took place in \dau\ on 1861.12.11. We thus have 
all the information that we need to retrieve and identify the document, viz.\ the town, the type of document 
and the date 
of the document. The next step is to consult the following web page:
\sni
\itemitem{}{\ttten http://archives.bas-rhin.fr/registres-paroissiaux-et-}\web 
\vskip -3pt\nin
\itemitem{}{\ttten {docu\-ments-d-etat-civil\fsl}} % keep together
\mni
\item{1.} In the box that appears we type \lq \dau\rq\ and click on {\it rechercher\/}.
\sni
\item{2.} At the bottom of the screen there are three choices of which only the second and third are of 
interest 
to us:
\itemitem{} The {\it Tables d\ae cennales}  are used to locate documents. Images in this book that are taken 
from a TD   are identified as such  by \[TD\].
\sni
\itemitem{} In our particular example it is a document that interests us and so we click on {\it Registres 
d'\ae tat civil\/},
\sni
\item{3.} A set of virtual books appears and we use the slider to go to the virtual book with   
{\it M\gl{\rm [}ariages{\rm ]} 1861\/} on the binding.
\sni
\item{4.} We click on the book and the agreement page opens and then  we click on {\it accepter\/}. 
\itemitem{}One only has to 
do this once for a session, no matter how many towns and documents are consulted.
\sni
\item{5.} The screen now goes to the AM for 1861 and as a check we read:
\itemitem{}\lq Dauendorf\Th -\Th Etat 
civil\Th -\Th Registre de mariages 1861\Th -\Th Original en mairie\rq\th
\item{}written at the top of the page.
\sni
\item{6.}If, while still on the first page, we now look at the address bar of the browser we will see the 
identification of this page:
\itemitem{} 
{\ttten http://archives.bas-rhin.fr/detail-document/ETAT-CIVIL-}\web 
\vskip -3pt
\itemitem{}{\ttten C87-P1-R39188\#visio/page:ETAT-CIVIL-C87-P1-R39188-268240}
\sni
\item{7.} The desired AM is found on page 4 and {\tt 268240} is now replaced by   {\tt 268243}. This is the
desired identification number for the document that we were looking for.
\sni
This completes the proceedure and provides the precise identification of the page on which 
the document is found.
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A major difficulty in using the book is the question of \lq names\rq. To illustrate, my \lq full name\rq\ is 
Roger Morris Herz-Fischler. My \lq given names\rq\ (also called  \lq personal names\rq) are Roger and Morris 
while \lq family name\rq\  (or \lq surname\rq\gl) is Herz-Fischler (created in 1983 by combining the family 
names of Eliane Herz and Roger Fischler. However,
                      %  and Fraenckel uses two devices:
% following GAGE pg  498  given name == personal name; surname == last name. I use "family name"
%
when we turn our attention to Jews living in eighteenth century Alsace
For example, in  his marriage contract of 1746, \[p.\th 109\],  ancestor
{\tt 111\|222\|2} is 
listed as Naftaly \&lt;&lt;Hirz\&gt;&gt;. As explained below \lq Naftaly\rq\  and \lq Hirz\rq\  could be considered as
being essentially the same, the first being the Hebrew name and the second the Judeo-Alsatian equivalent.
This ancestor seems \(according to [Katz--Weill\]\) to have been called Hertzel Scheyen. So perhaps
\lq Hetzel\rq\
   \(now a given name\) came from  \&lt;&lt;Hirz\&gt;&gt;.
\sni
\itemitem{}Dates: Most of the time Fraenkel gives both a full civil date and a Hebrew date,  but sometimes 
only a civil date is given (see e.g.\ the AM  from Obernai starting on page 151) and sometimes only the year 
and the Hebrew date are given (e.g \[50h\] where Fraenkel has 1747, 6 Kislev 5508). Thus I suppose that 
Fraenkel has simply transcribed what was written. If we now look at \[80g\] Fraenkel has 1747.07.20, 8 Tamouz 
5507, whereas if we use an on-line calendar program \({\ttten www.hebcal.com\fsl converter}\) the civil 
date is given as 1747.06.14. The Gregorian calendar was already in use in Alsace. but the difference between 
the two civil dates is greater than the ten or eleven days difference between the julians and Gregorian 
calendars in the mid-1700s. I can not explain the difference and have just copied what Fraenkel gives. For a 
partial date such as 1747, 6 Kislev 5508, I have used the above converter 
 and written 1747\[.11.08\], 6 Kislev 5508.
	   
          
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