; TeX output 1998.06.02:1236|gT8ႍ NH cmbx12The T{NotSoShortiCIn8tro duction T{toL(ՍpNq cmbx12AX=TUdE 5X22cDFH cmmib10" .hWK1@ff cmti12Or @LJ@': cmti10@ATwEZWX2ein85minutes<򍍍s536U"V 3 cmbx10Ubty2T\obiasOetikeregHubYert2Ptartl,IreneHynaandElisabethScthlegl31,K`y 3 cmr10Veersionf3.1,14.April,1998*|퍍냍 1Uii 1zffωffώg3"WK`y cmr10Copyright?c" !", cmsy10 #1998"T*obiasOetikerandalltheContributerstoLShort.HAllrights Freserved.WThisqdoGcumentisfree;youcanredistributeitand/ormoGdifyitunderthetermsFof)ytheGNU)mGeneralPublicLicenseaspublishedbytheF*reeSoftwareF*oundation;FeitherUUversion2oftheLicense,or(atyouroption)anylaterversion.WThisdoGcumetnisdistributedinthehopethatitwillbeuseful,butWITHOUTFANY' WARRANTY;'withouteventheimpliedwarrantyofMERCHANT*ABILITYForFITNESSӴFORAP*ARTICULARӴPURPOSE.SeetheGNUGeneralPublicFLicenseUUformoredetails.WY*oushouldhavereceivedacopyoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicensealongwithFthisprogram; 3 cmmi10C;`@Zentr}'alerInformatikdienstderUniversitatf urBodenkulturWien1`IrenefHyna 5C;`@Bundesministeriumf urWissenschaftundF;orschungWien1`ElisabMethfSc!hlegl 5C;`@inGr}'azP'Ifry!ouareinterestedintheGermandoMcumentyoucan ndaversionupMdatedforLAAGT,[wEB Xv2zC".۹b!yJforgKnappenatVThepicturewill1`onlyNbMeaframew!ork,Ɇbutitwillenableyoutointegratetheinformation1`pro!videdfintheotherchaptersintothebigpicture.UChapter22S۹goMes#in!tothedetailsoftypMesettingyourdoMcuments.qItexplains1`most#oftheessen!tialLAAGT,[wEB Xcommandsandenvironments.Afterread-1`ingfthisc!hapteryouwillbMeabletowriteyour rstdoMcuments.UChapter23S۹explains ho!wtotypMesetformulaewithLAAGT,[wEB X.jAgainalotofex-1`ampleshelpy!outounderstandhowtouseoneofLAAGT,[wEB Xmainstrengths.1`A!t=theendofthischapteryouwill ndtables,0listingallthemathe-1`maticalfsym!bMolsavdDailableinLAAGT,[wEB X.UChapter24S۹explains_indexandbibliograph!ygeneration,Uinclusionofeps1`graphicsfandsomeotherusefulextensions.v|퍍냍 1UviPreface 1zffωffώg3"FChapter25۹con!tainsnsomepMotentiallydangerousinformation.v Yeouwilllearn 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XfCommandsn.=...................a6?11.3.4brCommen!ts=ύ.=........................a7&l1.4?1InputfFileStructure;.=......................a7&l1.5?1ThefLa!youtoftheDoMcumentZ.=.................a8?11.5.1brDoMcumen!tfClasses.=...................a8?11.5.2brP!ackdDagesꍍ.=.........................a9?11.5.3brP!agefStyles.=.......................12&l1.6?1BigfProjects/K.=...........................122aU2&lTtypYesetting2T\extC15&lϹ2.1?1LinebreakingfandP!agebreakingW͍.=................15?12.1.1brJusti edfP!aragraphs.=..................15?12.1.2brHyphenation.=......................16&l2.2?1SpMecialfCharactersandSym!bols-.=................17?12.2.1brQuotationfMarks򯍍.=....................17?12.2.2brDashesfandHyphensfz.=..................17?12.2.3brEllipsisf(.3..)_Ǎ.=......................18?12.2.4brLigaturesrI.=........................18v&|퍍냍 1UviiifwCONTENTS 1zffωffώg3"o12.2.5rAccen!tsfandSpMecialCharacters񀍍.=............18 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?15.3.3brHorizon!talfSpace9.=....................66?15.3.4brVeerticalfSpace{鍍.=.....................67&l5.4?1P!agefLayout퍍.=...........................68&l5.5?1Moreffunwithlengths#_.=.....................70&l5.6?1Bo!xes%.=..............................71&l5.7?1RulesfandStruts.=........................73ύ&lUBibliographtyY75v mN|g u|퍍냎g3"List T{ofFigures5&lϹ1.1?1CompMonen!tsfofaT,[wEB Xsystem"e.=.................a2 &l1.2?1AfMinimalLAAGT,[wEB XFile.=.....................a8&l1.3?1ExamplefofaRealisticJournalArticleX.=............a8&l4.1?1ExamplefXm#R 3 cmss10XfancyhdrTsetup.=....................58&l5.1?1ExamplefP!ackdDage~.=........................62 &l5.2?1P!agefLayoutParameters.=....................69v v4|g }|퍍냎gHList T{ofTables5V&lϹ1.1?1DoMcumen!tfClasses󍍑.=.......................a9 V&l1.2?1DoMcumen!tfClassOptionsȍ.=....................10&l1.3?1SomefoftheP!ackdDagesfDistributedwithLAAGT,[wEB Xr*.=........11&l1.4?1ThefPrede nedP!ageStylesofLAAGT,[wEB X4.=.............12V&l2.1?1Accen!tsfandSpMecialCharacters͍.=................19&l2.2?1FloatfPlacingP!ermissions_.=...................29&l3.1?1MathfMoMdeAccen!tsˍ.=......................45&l3.2?1Lo!wercasefGreekLetters͍.=....................45&l3.3?1UppMercasefGreekLettersqB.=....................45&l3.4?1BinaryfRelationsqS.=........................46&l3.5?1BinaryfOpMerators0%.=........................46&l3.6?1BIGfOpMerators獍.=.........................47&l3.7?1Arro!wsټ.=..............................47&l3.8?1Delimitersۖ.=............................47&l3.9?1LargefDelimitersS%.=........................47&l3.10?1MiscellaneousfSym!bMols.=.....................48&l3.11?1Non-MathematicalfSym!bMolsAv.=..................48&l3.12?1AMSfDelimitersl.=.........................48&l3.13?1AMSfGreekandHebrew.=....................48&l3.14?1AMSfBinaryRelationsL.=.....................49&l3.15?1AMSfArro!ws򍍑.=..........................49&l3.16?1AMSfNegatedBinaryRelationsandArro!ws0.=.........50&l3.17?1AMSfBinaryOpMeratorsE[.=....................50&l3.18?1AMSfMiscellaneous'a.=.......................51&l3.19?1MathfAlphabMets .=........................51&l4.1?1KeyfNamesforXgraphicxP!ackdDagek0.=...............54&l4.2?1IndexfKeySyn!taxExamplesڍ.=..................56&l5.1?1Feon!tst.=...............................63&l5.2?1Feon!tfsizesB.=............................63&l5.3?1AbsolutefpMoin!tsizesinstandardclassesp.=...........63&l5.4?1Mathffon!ts%.=...........................64v}P|퍍냍 1UxivGLIST2OFT\ABLES 1zffωffώg3"VlϹ5.5o1T,[wEB XfUnits ύ.=............................67v|퍍냎gDChapter 12O"Things T{YouNeedtoKno8w5輍XInthe rstpa!rtofthischapteryouwillgetashortoverviewabMoutthephilosophy andU"histo!ryofL󏍑Ys6cmss8YAXT,nEXpXv2zC")*X.ThesecondpartofthechapterfoMcusesonthebasicstructures >ofaL󏍑YAXT,nEXpXdoMcument.eAfterreadingthischaptery!oushouldhavearough3kno!wledgeofhowL󏍑YAXT,nEXpXworks.Whenreadingon,W#thiswillhelpyoutointegratefallthenewinfo!rmationintothebigpicture.$ōZNff cmbx12Z1.1:cTheffNameoftheGameͥ\N cmbx12\1.1.1?@TESXXT,nEXpXisacomputerp!rogramcreatedbyDonaldE.Knuth[2y].).Itisaimedatt!ypMesettingYtextandmathematicalformulae.vKnuthstartedwritingtheT,nEXpXt!ypMesettingenginein1977outoffrustrationaboutwhattheAmericanMath-ematicalxSoMciet!ydidtohispaperswhenpublishingthem.}HeactuallystoppedsubmittinganypapMerssometimein1974because\the nishedp!roductw!asjust2_toMopainfulfo!rmetolookat".0T,nEXpXasw!euseittoda!ywasreleasedin1982and#slightlyenhancedoverthey!ears.aIn#thelastfewy!ears#T,nEXpXhasbMecomeverystable.kTeoMda!ylKnuthclaimsthatitisvirtuallybugfree.TheversionnumbMerofT,nEXpXfisconvergingtoC Xandisno!wat3C:14159X.v'T,[wEB X ispronounced\Teec!h,"35witha\ch"asintheGermanword\Ach"orfinScottish\LoMc!h."InanVASCIIenvironmentT,[wEB XbMecomesVTeX.\1.1.2?@LAl#WA~/\TESXELAAGT,[wEB Xisamacropac!kdDagewhichenablesauthorstotypMesetandprinttheirw!ork+fev+fev+fev?@fevE@fe\UFfd=J\Ufd=J Ffd=J fd=Jb3Ffdzk]FfdztFfdz}Ffdz۟Ffdzb3fdzk]fdztfdz}fdz۟fdz[#=Jfe%=Jfe[#3=Jfe%3=Jfe-KeYh- cmcsc10hPostScriptWSfdz-SfdzSfdzٟSfdzßSfd@tџ +fe+T6J)؄fd߁-ywdɄdɄ ZVfeVfe?yw0 0 ZVfeVfe? m ̈́feԬm ywfeԬ.ktV.tfm,؄fd߁ά-ǒY؄fd#Ԭ-yw' ' ZVfeVfe?yw  ZVfeVfe? g̈́feԬgywfeԬV.logӟqfdVάN8ҹFeon!tsc>֟qfdVά-xqfdV=x$ٹT!ypMesettingqfdVά-xff Hff H<Figuref1.1:CompMonen!tsofaT,[wEB Xsystemv|퍍냍U1.22Basics3zffωffώg3"reunify)allthepatc!hedversionswhichhavecroppMedupsincethereleaseof LAAGT,[wEB X2.09somey!earsago.'ExXintoTU>'EXniciansandTU>'EXpGerts.+T*oGdayUUisJune2,1998.OB1قvقvJ>WSomecommandsneedaparameterwhic!hhastobMegivenbMetweencurlyFbracesV{}afterthecommandname.bSomecommandssuppMortoptionalFparameterszwhic!hareaddedafterthecommandnameinsquarebracketsV[].F ffpffp L͍ {-=B3aiT:ryTthe$tߤN cmtt9t\backslashi$commandinstead.pItproAducesa`k cmsy9kni'.vm|퍍냍U1.42InputFileStructure7zffωffώg3"The\nextexampleusessomeLAAGT,[wEB Xcommands.Don'tw!orryabMoutthem, theyfwillbMeexplainedlater.$:ǍsYou?can\textsl{lean}onme!ݾقvقvvՍ+Y*ouUUcanup0J cmsl10uleanonme!OBقvقv?՜rsPlease,?startanewline right?here!\newlineThank?you!ݾقvقv%䍄%+Please,UUstartanewlinerighthere! +ThankUUyou!OB%قvقvNtb\1.3.4?@Comments3When"LAAGT,[wEB Xencoun!tersaV%characterwhileproMcessinganinput le,B itig-noresAtherestofthepresen!tline.|Thisisusefulforaddingnotestotheinput le,fwhic!hwillnotshowupintheprintedversion.ǍsThis?isan%stupid %?Better:instructive<----example.ݾقvقv䍄+ThisUUisanexample.OBقvقvLg􍍑Z1.4:cInputffFileStructureWhenHLAAGT,[wEB Xv2zC"/KproMcessesHaninput leitexpectsittofollo!wacertainstruc-ture.Th!usfeveryinput lemuststartwiththecommandB1`V\documentclass{...}AThis1spMeci eswhatsortofdocumen!tyouintendtowrite.=Afterthat,TNyoucanincludecommandswhic!hin uencethestyleofthewholedoMcumentory!ou:canloadpackdDageswhichaddnewfeaturestotheLAAGT,[wEB Xsystem.Teoloadsuc!hfapackdDageyouusethecommand1`V\usepackage{...}A'When%vallthesetupw!orkisdoneA4,E:youstartthebMody%vofthetextwiththefcommand덑1`V\begin{document} #ffpffp L͍ {-=B4aiTheTareabAet9weenTt\documentclassiandt\beginkftdocumentkgRiiscalledwj 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At FthefendofthedoMcumen!tyouaddthe!ča`V\end{document}!ÍFcommand, whic!hZtellsLAAGT,[wEB Xtocallitadaye.AnythingwhichfollowsthisFcommandfwillbMeignoredb!yLAAGT,[wEB X.{WFigure]1.2sho!wsthecontentsofaminimalLAAGT,[wEB Xv2zC".9 le.A4slightlymoreFcomplicatedfinput leisgiv!eninFigure1.3.-B荍FZ1.5jcTheffLayoutoftheDos3cument}F\1.5.1o@Do`cumentClassesTFThe rstinformationLAAGT,[wEB Xneedstokno!wwhenproMcessinganinput leisFthe}t!ypMeofdocumen!ttheauthorwantstocreate.PThisisspMeci edwiththezB45I#ffnffn V\documentclass{article}\begin{document}Smallisbeautiful.\end{document}ffnffn;T7Figuref1.2:AMinimalLAAGT,[wEB XFileM'fkyffff V\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}\usepackage{latexsym}\author{H.~Partl}\title{Minimalism}\frenchspacing\begin{document}\maketitle\tableofcontents\section{Start}Wellandherebeginsmylovelyarticle.\section{End}\ldots{}andhereitends.\end{document}ffffxĉ+Figuref1.3:ExampleofaRealisticJournalArticlev 0|퍍냍U1.52TheLatyout2oftheDoYcumentt9zffωffώg3"V\documentclassfcommand.1ffff ͤ ffΟfds\documentclass[@options!s]{@classs}͡ ffffff?NHereŔclassspMeci esthet!ypeofdocumen!ttobecreated.;gTeable1.1liststhe doMcumen!tclassesexplainedinthisintroMduction.]`TheLAAGT,[wEB Xv2zC"0\Mdistributionpro!videsadditionalclassesforotherdoMcumentsincludinglettersandslides.TheoptionsparametercustomisesthebMeha!viourofthedocumen!tclass.hTheoptions\ha!vetobMeseparatedbycommas.InTeable1.2themostcommonoptionsfforthestandarddoMcumen!tclassesarelisted.'Example:Anfinput leforaLAAGT,[wEB XdoMcumen!tcouldstartwiththeline׸1`V\documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article}whic!hinstructsLAAGT,[wEB XtotypMesetthedocumen!tasanarticlewithabase fon!tsizeofelevenCppointsandtoproMducealayoutsuitablefordoubleCsidepdprin!tingfona4ppaper.-\1.5.2?@Pack@agesWhilen(writingy!ourdoMcument,youwillprobably ndthattherearesomeareas?wherebasicLAAGT,[wEB Xcannotsolv!eyourproblem.iIfyouwanttoincludegraphics,colouredtextorsourcecoMdefroma lein!toyourdoMcument,youneedtoenhancethecapabilitiesofLAAGT,[wEB X.USuc!henhancementsarecalledpac!kdDages.Packagesfareactivatedwiththe1ffff ͤ ffΟfds\usepackage[@options!s]{@p}'ackage[s}͡ ffffff?Ncommand.FWhereppackage@isthenameofthepac!kdDageandoptions巹isalistofF=Hc{Teablef1.1:DoMcumen!tClasses^ϛHˉffUn݉ffUnݟVarticle-@for.articlesinscien!ti cjournals,Ppresentations,short.repMorts,`programfdoMcumen!tation,invitations,.3..Vreport'forRlongerrepMortscon!tainingseveralchapters,VsmallbMooks,PhD`theses,f.3..VbookxBforfrealbMooksVslides'forslides.Theclassusesbigsansserifletters.Yeoumigh!twant`tofconsiderusingFeoilT,[wEB Xqainstead!. ffUn݉ffUnݟffff6ff6 L͍ -=zt}\cmti7zaatCTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/packages/supported/foiltexv ;|퍍냍 1U10pThings2Y\ouNeedtoKnotw 1zffωffώgSr&荍\Teablef1.2:DoMcumen!tClassOptionsፍOHN͖ffUn݉ffUnݟV10pt,fV11pt,V12ptbSetsfthesizeofthemainfon!tforthedoMcument.If `nofoptionisspMeci ed,V10ptisassumed.Va4paper,fVletterpaper,.3..De nesfthepapMersize.Thedefaultsize`isfVletterpaper.Besidesthat,Va5paper,Vb5paper,`Vexecutivepaper,fandVlegalpapercanbMespeci ed.Vfleqn-+!T!ypMesetsfdisplayedformulaeleft-alignedinsteadofcentred.Vleqno-+!Placesfthen!umbMeringfofform!ulaeonthelefthandside`insteadfoftherigh!t.Vtitlepage,fVnotitlepage(SpMeci esfwhetheranewpageshouldbe`startedfafterthedoMcumen!ttitleornot.TheVarticleclassdoes`notfstartanewpageb!ydefault,whileVreportandVbookdo.VtwocolumnD)ɹInstructsLAAGT,[wEB Xtot!ypMesetthedocumen!tintwocolumns.Vtwoside,onesidelgoSpMeci esfwhetherdoubleorsinglesidedoutput`shouldfbMegenerated.TheclassesVarticleandVreportaresingle`sidedfandtheVbookclassisdoublesidedb!ydefault.Vopenright,openanywùMak!esfchaptersbMegineitheronlyonright`handfpagesoronthenextpagea!vdDailable.ThisdoMesnotwork`withftheVarticleclass,asitdoMesnotkno!waboutc!hapters.The`Vreport~׹classb!ydefaultstartschaptersonthenextpageavdDailable`andftheVbookclassstartsthemonrigh!thandpages. ЉffUn݉ffUnݎv |퍍냍U1.52TheLatyout2oftheDoYcumenttP'11zffωffώg3"k!eywords5whichtriggerspMecialfeaturesinthepackdDage.xSomepackdDagescome withtheLAAGT,[wEB Xv2zC"2 basedistribution(SeeTeable1.3).Othersarepro!videdseparatelye. dYouma!y ndmoreinformationonthepackdDagesinstalledaty!oursiteinyourLpocalMGuide\[4y].TheprimesourceforinformationabMoutLAAGT,[wEB XPisTheLnqAT"R[wE)XComppanion[[3y].aItPcon!tainsdescriptionsofhundredsofўpac!kdDagesalongwithinformationofhowtowriteyourownextensionstoLAAGT,[wEB Xv2zC">.NCTeablef1.3:SomeoftheP!ackdDagesfDistributedwithLAAGT,[wEB Xh-2Yىff8ff8XdoMcCAllo!wsfthedoMcumentationofLAAGT,[wEB Xprograms.`DescribMedfinVdoc.dtxqaandinTheLnqAT"R[wE)XComppanion}q[3y].Xexscale%3Pro!videsfscaledversionsofthemathextensionfont.`DescribMedfinVltexscale.dtx.Xfontenc'LcSpMeci esfwhic!hfontencoMdingLAAGT,[wEB 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1zffωffώg3"F\1.5.3o@PageStylesAFLAAGT,[wEB XYsuppMortsthreeprede nedheader/footercom!binations|so-calledpage Fst!yles.Thefstyleyparameterofthe$F1ff_,Eff_,E ͤ ffΟfds\pagestyle{@style[s}͡ ffff_,Eff_,E {Fcommandde neswhic!honetouse.Teable1.4liststheprede nedpagestyles.r/jTeablef1.4:ThePrede nedP!ageStylesofLAAGT,[wEB XKhOHY݉ffUn݉ffUnݟVplain"7prin!ts thepagenumbMersonthebottomofthepageinthemiddle`offthefoMoter.Thisisthedefaultpagest!yle.Vheadings3vprin!tsjthecurrentchapterheadingandthepagenumbMerin`theheaderoneac!hpagewhilethefoMoterremainsemptye.(Thisis`thefst!yleusedinthisdoMcument)Vempty"7setsfbMoththeheaderandthefootertobeempt!ye. gffUn݉ffUnݎoxWItxispMossibletoc!hangethepagestyleofthecurrentpagewiththecom-FmandF1fft,9fft,9 ͤ ffΟfds\thispagestyle{@style[s}͡ fffft,9fft,9 {WInErThe}NotethatLAAGT,[wEB XwillstartanewpagebMeforeprocessingtheFmaterialfinputfrom lename.WTheCsecondcommandcanbMeusedinthepream!ble.uItallowsyoutov #?|퍍냍U1.62BigProjectsP'13zffωffώg3"instructfLAAGT,[wEB 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ItFthenJdprev!entssuchover-longlinesbyincreasingtheinter-wordspacing|Fev!enFifthe naloutputisnotoptimal.Inthiscaseawarning(\underfullFh!bMox")BNisgiv!entotheuser.Inmostcasestheresultdoesn'tlookv!erygood.FThe{commandV\fussyactsintheoppMositedirection.ϔJustincasey!ouwantFtofseeLAAGT,[wEB Xcomplainingallo!verftheplace.DF\2.1.2o@HyphenationFLAAGT,[wEB Xh!yphenateswordswhenevernecessarye.*IfthehyphenationalgorithmFdoMesnot ndthecorrecth!yphenationpoin!tsyoucanremedythesituationFb!yfusingthefollowingcommands,totellT,[wEB XabMouttheexception.WThefcommandXF1ff{ff{ ͤ ffΟfds\hyphenation{@wor}'dlists}͡ ffff{ff{DFcauses$thew!ordslistedintheargumenttobMehyphenatedonlyatthepMointsFmark!ed1by\V-". ThiscommandshouldbMegiveninthepreambleoftheFinput. leandshouldonlycon!tainwordsbuiltfromnormalletters.6TheFcaseofthelettersisignored.iQTheexamplebMelo!wwillallow\hyphenation"FtoIbMeh!yphenatedaswellas\Hyphenation"anditprevents\FOReTRAN",F\Feortran"xand\fortran"frombMeingh!yphenatedatall.Nospecialc!haractersForfsym!bMolsareallowedintheargument.WExample:Ba`V\hyphenation{FORTRANHy-phen-a-tion}BWThe+commandV\-insertsadiscretionaryh!yphenintoaword.@+ThisalsoFbMecomes:Xtheonlypoin!thyphenationisallowedinthisword.ThiscommandFis+despMeciallyusefulforw!ordscontainingspMecialcharacters(e.g.accentedFc!haracters),GbMecauselLAAGT,[wEB Xdoesnotautomaticallyh!yphenatewordscon-FtainingfspMecialc!haracters.v9|퍍냍U2.22SpYecialCharactersandSymtbolsP'17zffωffώg3"ǍsI?thinkthisis:su\-per\-cal\-% i\-frag\-i\-lis\-tic\-ex\-pi\-%al\-i\-do\-ciousݾقvقv$$vՍ+Ithink thisis:/supGercalifragilisticexpialido- +ciousOB$قvقv;_'Sev!eralfwordscanbMekepttogetherononelinewiththecommand91ffAމffAޟ ͤ ffΟfds\mbox{@texts}͡ ffffAމffAގGӍ'Itfcausesitsargumen!tbMekepttogetherunderallcircumstances.$㍍rsMy?phonenumberwillchangesoon. It?willbe\mbox{01162912319}.The?parameter\mbox{\emph{filename}}?shouldcontain?thenameofthefile.ݾقvقv@ @ ο獍+My-phonenumbGer-willchangesoon.Itwill +bGeUU01162912319A .+The|parameter@ lename.{9shouldcontainthe+nameUUofthe le.OB@ قvقvltZ2.2:cSps3ecialffCharactersandSymbols񍍑\2.2.1?@QuotationMarksFeor#quotationmarksy!oushouldnot usetheV"asonatypMewriter.Inpub- lishingtherearespMecialopeningandclosingquotationmarks.QsInLAAGT,[wEB X,usemCt!woV`sonforopMeningquotationmarksandtwoV'sforclosingquotationmarks.rs``Please?pressthe`x'key.''ݾقvقv䍄+\PleaseUUpressthe`x'key*."OBقvقvAC\2.2.2?@DashesandHyphensLAAGT,[wEB XF_kno!wsfourkindsofdashes.Yeoucanaccessthreeofthesewithdi er-en!tnumbMersofconsecutivedashes.;Thefourthsignisactuallynodashatall:Itfisthemathematicalmin!ussign:Ǎsdaughter-in-law,?X-rated\\ pages?13--67\\yes---or?no?\\$0$,?$1$and$-1$ݾقvقv=䍄=х+daughter-in-law,UUX-rated +pagesUU13{67+yes|orUUno?+0,UU1and1OB=قvقvvG|퍍냍 1U18OHTtypYesetting2T\ext 1zffωffώg3"WThe3namesforthesedashesare:DV-h!yphen,5pV--en-dash,V---em-dashand FV$-$fmin!ussign.lF\2.2.3o@Ellipsis(.@..)FOn_at!ypMewriteracommaoraperiodtak!esthesameamountofspaceasFan!yotherletter.InbMookprintingthesecharactersoMccupyonlyalittlespaceFand4aresetv!eryclosetotheprecedingletter.ThereforeyoucannotenterF\ellipsis"iFb!yjusttypingthreedots,uasthespacingwouldbMewrong.}BesidesFthatfthereisaspMecialcommandforthesedots.ItiscallednF1ff+ff+ ͤ ffΟfds\ldots͡ ffff+ff+􍍍Ǎ 1Not?likethat...butlikethat:\\ 1New?York,Tokyo,Budapest,\ldotsقvقv%䍄%+NotUUlikethat...qbutlikethat: +NewUUY*ork,Tokyo,BudapGest,...OB%قvقvHF\2.2.4o@LigaturesFSome! lettercom!binationsaretypMesetnotjustbysettingthedi erentlettersFonefaftertheother,butactuallyb!yusingspMecialsymbMols.*a`[XQ cmr12[  .T.. 艹insteadfof 5[fffiflffi.T..+FTheseso-calledligaturescanbMeprohibitedb!yinsertingaV\mbox{}bet!weenFtheǍt!wolettersinquestion.ARThismightbMenecessarywithwordsbuiltfromFt!wofwords.Ǎ 1sNot?shelfful\\ 1but?shelf\mbox{}fulقvقv$$vՍ+NotUUshel ul +butUUshelffulOB$قvقvFЍF\2.2.5o@AccentsandSp`ecialCharactersFLAAGT,[wEB XsuppMortstheuseofaccen!tsandspecialc!haractersfrommanylan-Fguages. TeablegN2.1sho!wsallsortsofaccentsbMeingappliedtothelettero.FNaturallyfotherlettersw!orktoMo.WTeoAplaceanaccen!tontopofanioraj,7theirdotshavetobMeremoved.FThisfisaccomplishedb!ytypingV\iandV\j.Ǎ 1sH\^otel,?na\"\ive,\'el\`eve,\\ 1sm\o?rrebr\od,!`Se\~norita!,\\ 1Sch\"onbrunner?Schlo\ss{} 1Stra\ss?eقvقv00vՍ+H^otel,UUnaqve,8Geleve, +smrrebrd,UUTV?`D[ffffv] |퍍냍 1U20OHTtypYesetting2T\ext 1zffωffώg3"FT,[wEB X-fon!t,eachletterisstored.TheoriginalComputerMoMdernT,[wEXfon!t FdoMesonlycon!tain128charactersfromtheold7-bitASCIMIҲcharacterset.FWhen$7accen!tedcharactersarerequired,CT,[wEB XcreatesthembycombiningaFnormal'c!haracterwithanaccent.%WhiletheresultingoutputloMoksperfect,FthisCapproac!hstopstheautomatichyphenationfromworkinginsidewordsFwhic!hfuseaccentedcharacters.WFeortunatelynmostmoMdernT,[wEB Xdistributionscon!tainacopyoftheECFfon!ts.ThesefontsloMokliketheComputerMoMdernfonts,9butcontainspMecialFc!haractersformostoftheaccentedcharactersusedinEuropMeanlanguages.FByr1usingthesefon!tsyoucanimprovehyphenationinnonEnglishdoMcuments.FThe9EC fon!tsareactivdDatedbyincludingtheXfontencpackdDageinthepreambleFoffy!ourdoMcument.~F1ffff ͤ ffΟfds\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}͡ ffffff%WThe?&actualEC? fon!tsfollowtheVT1encoMding.rThereforetheoptionintheFusepac!kdDagefcommand.">FZ2.4jcTheffSpacebs3etweenffWfordsqFTeoKDgetastraigh!trightmarginintheoutput,]~LAAGT,[wEB XinsertsvdDaryingamountsFof ospacebMet!ween othew!ords.5At otheendofasen!tenceitinsertsslightlymoreFspace, asthismak!esthetextmorereadable.dLAAGT,[wEB XassumesthatsentencesFend withpMeriods,.question marksorexclamationmarks.IfapMeriod follo!wsFan3)uppMercaseletterthisisnottak!enasasentenceendingsincepMeriods3)afterFuppMercaseflettersarenormallyforabbreviations.WAn!yhexceptionfromtheseassumptionshastobMespeci edb!ytheau-Fthor. A`mbac!kslash`infrontofaspacegeneratesaspacewhichwillnotbMeFenlarged.FAtilde`V~'c!haractergeneratesaspacewhichcannotbMeenlargedFand3dwhic!hadditionallyprohibitsalinebreak.ThecommandV\@infrontofaFpMeriodm(speci es,xthatthisperiodterminatesasen!tenceevenwhenitfollowsFafuppMercaseletter."Ǎ 1sMr.~Smith?washappytoseeher\\ 1cf.~Fig.~5\\ 1I?likeBASIC\@.Whataboutyou?قvقv1䍄1݅+Mr.UUSmithwashappytoseeher +cf.UUFig.5+IUUlikeBASIC.qWhatabGoutyou?OB1قvقvHWThefadditionalspaceafterpMeriodsfcanbMedisabledwiththecommandF1ffU׉ffUן ͤ ffΟfds\frenchspacing͡ ffffU׉ffU׎%Fwhic!htellsLAAGT,[wEB Xnot toinsertanymorespaceafterapMeriodthanafterFordinaryc!haracter.Thisisverycommoninnon-Englishlanguages,exceptvk |퍍냍U2.52Titles,Chapters,andSectionsP'21zffωffώg3"forRbibliographies. uIfy!ouuseV\frenchspacing,thecommandV\@isnot necessarye."`oZ2.5:cTitles,ffChapters,andSectionsqTeo2helpthereader ndhisorherw!ay2throughy!ourwork,Iyoushoulddivideit}Win!tochapters,sections,and}Wsubsections..LAAGT,[wEB XsuppMortsthiswithspecialcommandsiowhic!htakethesectiontitleastheirargument.ɋItisuptoyoutouseftheminthecorrectorder.'FeorSbtheVarticleclassthefollo!wingsectioningcommandsareavdDailable:ߍ1`V\section{...}?exampleofsomeoftheabMo!vet>mentionedcommandscanbMefoundinFFiguref1.3onpage8.WApart fromthesectioningcommandsexplainedabMo!ve,LAAGT,[wEB Xv2zC"1.intro-Fducedf3additionalcommands,forusewiththeVbookclass.ƍF1ffc,ffc, ͤ ffΟfds\frontmatter,UUs\mainmatterands\backmatter͡ ffffc,ffc,^`WTheyareusefulfordividingy!ourpublication.Thecommandsalterchap-Fter)zheadings,Bvandpagen!umbMering)ztow!orkasyouwouldexpMectitinabook.$% FZ2.6jcCrossffReferencesFInbMooks,{reportsandarticlesthereareoftencrossreferencesto gures,FtablesandspMecialsegmen!tsoftext.VLAAGT,[wEB XprovidesthefollowingcommandsFforfcrossreferencingF1ff ff ͤ ffΟfds\label{@markers},UUs\ref{@markers}ands\pageref{@markers}͡ ffff ff ^`FWhereLmarkerzcisaniden!ti erchosenbytheuser. 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